Why Did Nietzsche Break With Wagner

Of all the people who Friedrich Nietzsche met, the composer Richard Wagner (1813-1883) was, without question, the one who made the deepest impression on him. As many have pointed out, Wagner was the same age as Nietzsche father, and thus could have offered the young scholar, who was 23 when they first met in 1868, some sort of father substitute. But what really mattered to Nietzsche was that Wagner was a creative genius of the first rank, the kind of individual who, in Nietzsche’s view, justified the world and all its sufferings. Nietzsche and Wagner From an early age Nietzsche was passionately fond of music, and by the time he was a student he was a highly competent pianist who impressed his peers by his ability to improvise.  In the 1860s Wagner’s star was rising. He began receiving the support of King Ludwig II of Bavaria in 1864; Tristan and Isolde had been given its premiere in 1865, The Meistersingers was premiered in 1868, Das Rheingold in 1869, and Die Walkà ¼re in 1870. Although opportunities to see operas performed were limited, both because of location and finances, Nietzsche and his student friends had obtained a piano score of Tristan and were great admirers of what they considered the â€Å"music of the future.† Nietzsche and Wagner became close after Nietzsche began visiting Wagner, his wife Cosima, and their children at Tribschen, a beautiful house beside Lake Lucerne, about a two-hour train ride from Basle where Nietzsche was a professor of classical philology.  In their outlook on life and music, they were both heavily influenced by Schopenhauer.  Schopenhauer viewed life as essentially tragic, stressed the value of the arts in helping human beings cope with the miseries of existence, and accorded pride of place to music as the purest expression of the ceaselessly striving Will that underlay the world of appearances and constituted the inner essence of the world. Wagner had written extensively about music and culture in general, and Nietzsche shared his enthusiasm for trying to revitalize culture through new forms of art. In his first published work, The Birth of Tragedy (1872), Nietzsche argued that Greek tragedy emerged â€Å"out of the spirit of music,† fueled by a dark, irrational â€Å"Dionysian† impulse which, when harnessed by â€Å"Apollonian† principles of order, eventually gave rise to the great tragedies of poets like Aeschylus and Sophocles.  But then the rationalist tendency evident in the plays Euripides, and most of all in the philosophical approach of Socrates, came to dominate, thereby killing the creative impulse behind Greek tragedy. What is now needed, Nietzsche concludes, is a new Dionysian art to combat the dominance of Socratic rationalism. The closing sections of the book identify and praise Wagner as the best hope for this sort of salvation. Needless to say, Richard and Cosima loved the book. At that time Wagner was working to complete his Ring cycle while also trying to raise money to build a new opera house at Bayreuth where his operas could be performed and where whole festivals devoted to his work could be held. While his enthusiasm for Nietzsche and his writings was no doubt sincere, he also saw him as someone who could be useful to him as an advocate for his causes among academics. Nietzsche had, most remarkably, been appointed to a professor’s chair at the age of 24, so having the backing of this apparently rising star would be a notable feather in Wagner’s cap.  Cosima, too, viewed Nietzsche, as she viewed everyone, primarily in terms of how they might help or harm her husband’s mission and reputation But Nietzsche, however much he revered Wagner and his music, and although he had quite possibly fallen in love with Cosima, had ambitions of his own.  Although he was willing to run errands for the Wagners for a time, he became increasingly critical of Wagner’s overbearing egoism. Soon these doubts and criticisms spread to take in Wagner’s ideas, music, and purposes. Wagner was an anti-Semite, nursed grievances against the French which fueled hostility to French culture, and was sympathetic to German nationalism.  In 1873 Nietzsche became friends with Paul Rà ©e, a philosopher of Jewish origin whose thinking was heavily influenced by Darwin, materialistic science, and French essayists like La Rochefoucauld.  Although Rà ©e lacked Nietzsche’s originality, he clearly influenced him.  From this time on, Nietzsche begins to view French philosophy, literature, and music more sympathetically.  Moreover, instead of continuing his critique of Socratic rationalism, he starts to praise the scientific outlook, a shift reinforced by his reading of Friedrich Lange’s History of Materialism. In 1876 the first Bayreuth festival took place.  Wagner was at the center of it, of course. Nietzsche originally intended to participate fully, but by the time the event was underway he found the cult of Wagner, the frenetic social scene swirling around the comings and goings of celebrities, and the shallowness of the surrounding festivities unpalatable.  Pleading ill health, he left the event for a time, returned to hear some performances, but left before the end. That same year Nietzsche published the fourth of his â€Å"Untimely Meditations†, Richard Wagner at Bayreuth.  Although it is, for the most part, enthusiastic, there is a noticeable ambivalence in the author’s attitude toward his subject.  The essay concludes, for instance, by saying that Wagner is â€Å"not the prophet of the future, as perhaps he would wish to appear to us, but the interpreter and clarifier of the past.†Ã‚  Hardly a ringing endorsement of Wagner as the savior of German culture. Later in 1876 Nietzsche and Rà ©e found themselves staying in Sorrento at the same time as the Wagners.  They spent quite a lot of time together, but there is some strain in the relationship.  Wagner warned Nietzsche to be wary of Rà ©e on account of his being Jewish.  He also discussed his next opera, Parsifal, which to Nietzsche’s surprise and disgust was to advance Christian themes. Nietzsche suspected that Wagner was motivated in this by a desire for success and popularity rather than by authentic artistic reasons. Wagner and Nietzsche saw each other for the last time on November 5th, 1876. In the years that followed, they became both personally and philosophically estranged, although his sister Elisabeth remained on friendly terms with the Wagners and their circle. Nietzsche pointedly dedicated his next work, Human, All Too Human, to Voltaire, an icon of French rationalism. He published two more works on Wagner, The Case of Wagner and Nietzsche Contra Wagner, the latter being mainly a collection of previous writings.  He also created a satirical portrait of Wagner in the person of an old sorcerer who appears in Part IV of Thus Spoke Zarathustra.  He never ceased to recognize the originality and greatness of Wagner’s music. But at the same time, he distrusted it for its intoxicating quality, and for its Romantic celebration of death. Ultimately, he came to see Wagner’s music as decadent and nihilistic, functioning as a kind of artistic drug that deadens the pain of existence i nstead of affirming life with all its sufferings.

Analysis Of The Book The Last Of The Mohicans Essay

American exceptionalism refers to the United States as unique or a different form of democracy from other governments; described as a free nation based on democratic ideals and personal liberties. This term stems from its political, intellectual, and religious, and from its’ enduring exceptional differences. The aftermath of the â€Å"revolution†, freeing the American colonies from British control are key aspects of the belief from where American exceptionalism came about. In addition, Thomas Paine makes clear, of the term in his pamphlet of Common Sense that he wrote anonymously in 1776. In John Winthrop’s A model of Christian Charity of 1630, he goes in-depth with his creation of an instrument of the enlightenment that challenges theocracy. The Last of the Mohicans captures a great visual exploration of how colonist and Indigenous people strived to break away from the British parliament. The set takes place during the French and Indian War (7 years’ war) in 1757. The three most compelling evidences I incorporated; all communicate systems of American exceptionalism. In the pamphlet, Thomas Paine includes his statement on American exceptionalism of the United States, best explaining on the topic of having such a diverse government could make the United States extraordinary compared to other forms of democracies in the world. The writings of Winthrop’s are still-in-effect today, for example, sexual repression and obsessive propriety that goes by the name of â€Å"puritanical†. InShow MoreRelatedReview Of The Last Of The Mohicans 1878 Words   |  8 PagesTayseer Abdelsalam 12/15/16 Early American Literature: Critique #3 The Book vs The Movie The main difference between, The Last of the Mohicans, book by James Fenimore Cooper and the last of the Mohicans movie, is that the book has a more adventurous theme and the moive has a more romantic and love them. I felt that both stories were extremely interesting. Due to the text’s complexityz and the author’s peculiar writing style, it took me quite a while to get into the story, thus reducingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Hawkeye By Robert E. Lee2347 Words   |  10 Pageshis life by how they act and what they say, in general Hawkeye changes pretty drastically throughout the novel. Then I talk about the cultural and historical context of the book. Which include things such as background information about the French and Indian War. My paper also includes a general summary of The Last of the Mohicans, written by James Fenimore Cooper. This summary includes major events, character development, and conflicts in the story. Finally my essay analyzes Hawkeye and his uniquenessRead MoreThe Pioneers: An Analysis of the Character of Natty Bumppo781 Words   |  3 PagesThe Pioneers: An Analysis of the Character of Natty Bumppo The Pioneers is the first in a series of five books by James Fenimore Cooper, though in the time period that the five books covers, it is the fourth, chronologically. The most famous book in this series is The Last of the Mohicans. Together, the five books are known as the Leatherstocking Tales, as they tell the story of Natty Bumppo, who also went by the alias of Leatherstocking. The Pioneers, like the other books in the LeatherstockingRead MoreThe Strawberry Statement Essay924 Words   |  4 PagesDiscusses his lack of authority to write a book, but decides to write one anyway. Discusses that he is the one writing the book, however his thought are no different than the thoughts of the youth of another generation; what you think at nineteen is universal across all generations, youth as a movement has â€Å"always been happening.† (Intro) He wants to do something about racism, poverty, and war. He discusses who they are – kids who have â€Å"hopes and fears†¦ ups and downs.† They’re people in NYC whoRead MoreRacism From Cooper s Book The Last Of The Mohicans 1818 Words   |  8 Pages A reader of The Last of the Mohicans is able to notice the manifested racism in the book which is perpetuated through the cultural divide and racial stereotypes. Racism from Cooper’s book depicts itself in being one of the contemporary themes in the novel which offers derogatory and stereotypical concerns to people of various races. In a more stringent analysis, the racial stereotypic statements from the book drive racial and cultural tolerance along with the societal inequalities which are setRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work

The M �� Ori Culture - 2199 Words

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1901 and Key Features free essay sample

Homework: Writing skills Name: Bui Thi Ha Thu Task 1: The graph and table show the number of fishers in millions for different regions between 1970, 1980 and 2000, and the world’s top ten exporters of fish in 2000. Summarize the information by choosing and reporting the key features, and make any relevant comparisons. The bar graph and the table indicate comparisons of millions of fishers in 5 regions in the world between 1970, 1980 and 2000 and the world’s top ten exporters of fish in 2000.As is illustrated by the bar graph, millions of fishers reveal the most significant amount in Asia while the lowest amount of fishers is showed in Europe throughout three periods of time. The largest amount represents 24 millions of fishers in Asia in 2000 and the least one represents only 0. 3 millions of fishers in Europe in 1970. The level of Asian fishers dramatically rises up whereas the others seem stay the same. While the number of fishers was only 9 millions in 1970 this figure had more than doubled in 2000. We will write a custom essay sample on 1901 and Key Features or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When others illustrated fluctuations of the total fishers, South America remained unchanged its stability of 1. 2 millions of fishers during three years. Turning to the table of exporters, Thailand stands at the first position among top ten exporters of fish in 2000. Norway and USA also obtain high levels when they occupy the second and the third stands respectively. After these countries, China, Denmark, Canada, Taiwan, Russia, Indonesia follow to take up from the fourth to the ninth levels in turn.South Korea is ranked the tenth position at the bottom of the table. (219 words) Task 2: The two graphs below show the percentage of smokers and the consumption of alcohol in litres in selected countries, for the period 1960-2000. Summarize the information by choosing and reporting the key features, and make any relevant comparisons. The two graphs represent comparisons the percentage of smokers in the population every day in USA, Japan, Holland and alcohol consumption in liters per person among Turkey, Holland and USA from 1960 to 2000.As can be seen from the first graph, 3 countries of the survey indicated a downward trend in percentage of smokers from 1960 to 2000. Holland revealed the highest level while USA stood the lowest percentage of smokers. In 1960, Holland represented 59% of smokers while USA represented 40% and in 2000 Holland showed 32% of smokers while USA indicated 19%. From 1960 to 1970, the percentage of Holland smokers remained unchanged at 59% during which Japan and USA dropped very slightly from 49% to 48% and from 40% to 39% respectively.Holland represented a dramatic change during 1970s when its smoker percentage slumped sharply from 59% to 44% in between 1970 and 1980. From 1980 to 2000, Holland and Japan seemed decline slowly at the same level. The gaps of percentage between Japan and USA seemed stay unchanged about 10-12% from 1960 to 2000. It can be clear from the second graph that 3 countries rose up to the peak of alcohol consumption in 1980. Holland represented the highest level of 11. 3 lirters/person while USA and Turkey represented the second and the third at 10. 1 and 1. 9 lirters/person respectively in 1980.Holland revealed a dominant increase of alcohol consumption while others showed a gradual one from 1960 to 1980. During this time, Holland shot up from 3. 9 litres/person in 1960 to the peak of 11. 3% in 1980. If USA showed the highest level of alcohol consumption in 1960 , Holland prevailed above 3 countries from 1980 at to 2000. Turkey reveals the lowest alcohol consumption when it represented the significant gaps among the others. Especially the graph showed the gaps of 9. 4 litres/person between Turkey and Holland in the pinnacle of 1980. (315 words)